Plant: Magnolia liliiflora/Mulan magnolia 紫玉蘭

Magnolia liliiflora is native to southwest China (in Sichuan and Yunnan), but cultivated for centuries elsewhere in China and also Japan. Variously known by many names, including Mulan magnolia, purple magnolia, red magnolia, lily magnolia, tulip magnolia and woody-orchid, it was first introduced to English-speaking countries from cultivated Japanese origins, and is thus also sometimes called Japanese magnolia, though it is not native to Japan. It blooms profusely in early spring with large pink to purple goblet- or lily-shaped flowers, before the leaf buds open.

紫玉蘭原產於中國西南部（四川和雲南），但在中國其他地區以及日本已有數百年的栽培歷史。它有許多不同的名字，包括木蘭、紫木蘭、紅木蘭、百合木蘭、鬱金香木蘭、木本蘭花、紫玉蘭(河南)，辛夷(江蘇)，木筆(花鏡)，杜蘭『本經』，木蘭、桂蘭『廣雅』，杜蘭『別錄』，黃心樹『綱目』，房木、春花，它最早是從日本栽培引入英語國家的，因此有時也被稱為日本木蘭，儘管它並非原產於日本。它在早春時節，在葉芽開放之前，盛開著大朵大朵的從粉紅色到紫色的高腳杯形或百合形花朵。

Notes for Magnolia liliiflora/Mulan magnolia 紫玉蘭筆記

  • Magnolia liliiflora is native to southwest China (in Sichuan and Yunnan), but cultivated for centuries elsewhere in China and also Japan. Variously known by many names, including Mulan magnolia, purple magnolia, red magnolia, lily magnolia, tulip magnolia and woody-orchid, it was first introduced to English-speaking countries from cultivated Japanese origins, and is thus also sometimes called Japanese magnolia, though it is not native to Japan.
  • It blooms profusely in early spring with large pink to purple goblet- or lily-shaped flowers, before the leaf buds open.
  • This species is one of the parents of the popular hybrid saucer magnolia, M. × soulangeana, the other parent being the Yulan magnolia, M. denudata.
  • The cultivar 'Nigra', with flowers much deeper in colour than the species, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
  • The bark, leaves and flowers of Magnolia liliiflora can be used to extract essences, make high-end spices, beverages and foods, and can also be used to prepare soaps and cosmetics, and have high economic value.
  • Magnolia liliiflora has a long history in China and was described as early as in Qu Yuan's Warring States Period. The bark, leaves and buds of Magnolia liliiflora can all be used as medicine. The buds are called Biod Magnolia Bud and are a traditional Chinese medicinal material. They are picked and dried 1-2 weeks before flowering. They have a fragrant smell and spicy taste. The main components of the volatile oil are citral, eugenol and eucalyptus oil. They can be used dry or fresh. They have antihypertensive, analgesic, astringent and bactericidal effects. They can treat pneumonia, sores, rhinitis, headaches and other symptoms. They have the effects of lightening the body, improving eyesight and prolonging life. "Shennong's Herbal Classic" lists it as a top-grade medicinal material, and "Ming Yi Bie Lu" also records its effects. The flower buds of Magnolia plants contain a lot of flavonoids, which have the effects of dilating blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Among them, the content of such substances in Magnolia liliiflora buds is one of the highest.
  • 紫玉蘭原產於中國西南部（四川和雲南），但在中國其他地區以及日本已有數百年的栽培歷史。它有許多不同的名字，包括木蘭、紫木蘭、紅木蘭、百合木蘭、鬱金香木蘭、木本蘭花、紫玉蘭(河南)，辛夷(江蘇)，木筆(花鏡)，杜蘭『本經』，木蘭、桂蘭『廣雅』，杜蘭『別錄』，黃心樹『綱目』，房木、春花，它最早是從日本栽培引入英語國家的，因此有時也被稱為日本木蘭，儘管它並非原產於日本。
  • 它在早春時節，在葉芽開放之前，盛開著大朵大朵的從粉紅色到紫色的高腳杯形或百合形花朵。
  • 它是流行的雜交二喬木蘭（M.×soulangeana）的親本之一，另一個親本是玉蘭（M. denudata）。
  • 栽培品種 ‘Nigra’ 的花色比其他品種深得多，並獲得了皇家園藝學會的花園功績獎。
  • 紫玉蘭樹皮、葉、花可用於提取香精，製作高檔香料、飲品和食品，也可用於調配香皂和化妝品，有很高的經濟價值。
  • 紫玉蘭在中國有著悠久的歷史，早在戰國時期屈原的《九歌》和《九章》中就有描述。紫玉蘭樹皮、葉、花蕾均可入藥，花蕾入藥稱“辛夷”，乃中藥材，開花前 1－2 週採摘晾乾即得，氣味芳香，味辛辣，揮髮油主要成分是檸檬醛、丁香油酚、桉油精，可干用或鮮用，具有降壓、鎮疼、收斂、殺菌等功效，可治肺炎、瘡毒、鼻炎、頭疼等症，有輕身明目，延年益壽的功效，《神農本草經》將之列為上品藥材，《名醫別錄》也記載了其功效。木蘭屬植物的花蕾均含有較多的黃酮類物質，有擴張血管、降血壓、抑制血小板聚集和血栓形成的作用，而其中以紫玉蘭花蕾中此類物質的含量為最高之一。

Here are some varieties and hybrids derived from the Magnolia liliiflora/Mulan magnolia:

以下是由紫玉蘭衍生的一些變種及雜交品種：

Magnolia liliiflora ‘Nigra’ 黑紫玉蘭
Photo Date: 2021.03.04 Location: The Huntington Library

Notes for Magnolia liliiflora ‘Nigra’ 黑紫玉蘭筆記

  • Magnolia liliiflora ‘Nigra’ is a spreading deciduous shrub with deep lustrous green leaves and slightly fragrant, dark reddish-purple flowers in late spring. Narrowly tulip-shaped, the upright blossoms, up to 5 in. long, count 9-18 tepals, purple-red on the outside, opening to reveal pale purple insides.
  • Introduced from Japan in 1861, this dwarf Magnolia makes an elegant, small specimen tree and ideal focal point.
  • Winner of the prestigious Award of Garden Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society.
  • 黑紫玉蘭是一種枝葉開展的落葉灌木，葉片呈深綠色且富有光澤；春末時節，植株會開出帶有淡淡幽香的深紅紫色花朵。其直立的花朵呈狹窄的鬱金香狀，長可達 5 吋（約 13 公分），由 9 至 18 枚花被片組成；花被片外側呈紫紅色，盛開時可見內側為淡紫色。
  • 這種矮生木蘭於 1861 年從日本引進，是一種優雅的小型觀賞樹，也是理想的景觀焦點。
  • 榮獲英國皇家園藝學會久負盛名的「花園優異獎」
Magnolia ‘Raspberry Ice’ 覆盆子冰玉蘭
Photo Date: 2025.03.18 Location: LA Arboretum
Photo Date: 2021.02.16 Location: LA Arboretum
Photo Date: 2022.02.15 Location: LA Arboretum

Notes for Magnolia ‘Raspberry Ice’ 覆盆子冰玉蘭筆記

  • It is a cross between M. liliiflora x M. veitchii and was found by Gresham.
  • Has a long flowering period and large 16 - 24 cm, raspberry-pink and white flowers with a violet shading at the base.
  • 它是紫玉蘭與維氏木蘭（M. veitchii）的雜交品種，由格雷沙姆（Gresham）發現。
  • 花期長，花朵碩大（直徑 16–24 公分），覆盆子粉紅與白色相間，花瓣基部有紫羅蘭色暈染。
Magnolia ‘Spectrum’ 光譜玉蘭
Photo Date: 2022.02.15 Location: LA Arboretum
Photo Date: 2025.03.18 Location: LA Arboretum

Notes for Magnolia ‘Spectrum’ 光譜玉蘭筆記

  • ‘Spectrum’ is a cross between M. liliiflora ‘Nigra’ x M. sprengeri var. sprengeri ‘Diva’. It was raised by William Kosar at the U.S National Arboretum in 1963. Received the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit in 2012.
  • The flowers are huge, tulip-shaped. Slightly fragrant. They are deep reddish-pink on the outside and creamy white within.
  • 光譜玉蘭是紫玉蘭品種「Nigra」與斯普倫格木蘭（Magnolia sprengeri var. sprengeri）品種「Diva」的雜交品種。此品種由威廉·科薩爾（William Kosar）於 1963 年在美國國家植物園培育而成，並於 2012 年榮獲英國皇家園藝學會頒發的「花園優異獎」。
  • 花朵碩大，呈鬱金香狀，帶有淡淡的香氣。花瓣外側呈深紅色粉紅色，內側則為乳白色。
Magnolia 'Royal Crown' 皇家皇冠玉蘭
Photo Date: 2025.03.18 Location: LA Arboretum

Notes for Magnolia 'Royal Crown' 皇家皇冠玉蘭筆記

  • Magnolia 'Royal Crown' is of the first "Gresham hybrids" introduced by D. Todd Gresham in the 1960's, this one a hybrid of M. ×veitchii and M. liliiflora. It's name refers to the reflexed outer tepals, giving the flower the overall impression of a crown.
  • Blooms open in late winter in the southern part of its range to early spring in the northern part of its range before the leaves emerge. Flower petals are pink on the outside and white inside.
  • 皇家皇冠玉蘭是 D. Todd Gresham 於 1960 年代推出的首批「格雷沙姆雜交品種」（Gresham hybrids）之一，由維氏木蘭與紫玉蘭雜交培育而成。其命名源自於花朵外輪花被片向外反捲的形態，使整朵花看起來宛如一頂皇冠。
  • 在其分佈區的南部，花朵於冬末開放；在北部，則於早春開放；花期均在葉片長出之前。花瓣外側呈粉紅色，內側白色。

References 參考資料

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